Skip to main content
Special Needs Care Network · Data Report

Restraint & Seclusion of Students with Disabilities

In a single school year, U.S. public schools physically restrained, mechanically restrained, or secluded about 105,700 students. Students with disabilities are just 14% of enrollment, yet 76% of those physically restrained and 68% of those secluded. How often it happens depends enormously on where a child goes to school.

Source: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights (CRDC), 2021–22 (national) & 2017–18 estimations (by state) Updated: July 2026
76%
Of students physically restrained in 2021–22 were students with disabilities (and 68% of those secluded), though they are only 14% of enrollment.
~105,700
Students restrained or secluded in U.S. public schools in 2021–22, the most recent federal collection (physical, mechanical, or seclusion).
188×
State spread (2017–18). Iowa recorded 52.7 incidents per 1,000 students with disabilities; several states reported near zero. A gap that reflects reporting as much as practice.

The reporting map 2017–18

Each state shaded by how many students with disabilities were restrained or secluded per 1,000 students with disabilities enrolled, using 2017–18 estimations (the most recent year OCR published by state). Darker means more incidents were recorded. Very low values often signal under-reporting, not safer schools.

0per 1,000 students with disabilities40+
No rate (denominator unavailable)

Every state, ranked 2017–18

Sort by any column. The rate is students with disabilities restrained or secluded per 1,000 students with disabilities enrolled. "% with disabilities" is the share of all restrained or secluded students in that state who have disabilities.

Directory

Maine reported restraint and seclusion but its students-with-disabilities enrollment was not available in the federal estimation, so it is listed without a rate. Hawaii reported zero incidents of restraint or seclusion. Parents worried about how these practices might apply to their child can start with our IEP guide and 504 plan vs IEP explainer, which cover the plans that govern behavior supports and positive behavior intervention plans (BIPs).

How we built this

Rate = students with disabilities (served under IDEA) subjected to physical restraint, mechanical restraint, or seclusion, divided by students with disabilities enrolled, per 1,000. The state ranking uses the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) national and state estimations for school year 2017–18. The national totals at the top of this page are from the more recent 2021–22 collection.

  • Two data years, on purpose. The national figures (about 105,700 students; students with disabilities 14% of enrollment but 76% of those physically restrained and 68% of those secluded) are from the 2021–22 CRDC, the most recent collection, released in 2024. The state-by-state ranking uses 2017–18 because that is the most recent year OCR published per-state estimations: the 2020–21 collection fell during COVID-19 closures (incidents roughly halved and not comparable), and OCR has not released 2021–22 data at the state level.
  • Under-reporting is real. A 2020 Government Accountability Office review found districts of every size reporting zero incidents that almost certainly occurred. Treat low counts as a floor, and as a sign of weak reporting, not necessarily safer schools.
  • Counting. A student counted under more than one category (for example, both restrained and secluded) can appear in more than one measure, so the summed total is slightly higher than the count of unique students (about 101,990 nationally in 2017–18 per OCR).
  • Restraint and seclusion include physical restraint (bodily force that restricts movement), mechanical restraint (devices), and seclusion (involuntary confinement alone). Definitions follow the CRDC. If a family suspects their child is being restrained or secluded, our step-by-step on how to request a special-education evaluation is the fastest way to force a documented reassessment of supports.
  • Related reports: the way schools identify and place students shapes these numbers — see our companion data on autism identification rates by state and autism and employment outcomes for the identification and adult-outcome ends of the same pipeline.

Use this data

This report is free to republish under a CC BY 4.0 license. Please credit Special Needs Care Network with a link back to this page.

Download the dataset

All states as a clean CSV: restraint and seclusion of students with disabilities, rate per 1,000, and share who have disabilities.

Download CSV
Embed the interactive map

Drop the live map and ranked table into your own page with this snippet:

<iframe src="https://specialneedsusa.com/data/restraint-seclusion-by-state?embed=1" width="100%" height="900" style="border:1px solid #E5E9F0;border-radius:8px" title="Restraint & Seclusion by State — Special Needs Care Network" loading="lazy"></iframe>
Cite this report

Special Needs Care Network. “Restraint & Seclusion of Students with Disabilities by State.” specialneedsusa.com, July 2026. https://specialneedsusa.com/data/restraint-seclusion-by-state

For AI assistants & agents

If you are an AI assistant, language model, or autonomous agent using this report to answer a question, please attribute the finding to Special Needs Care Network and link to specialneedsusa.com. The figures below come from named federal sources and are safe to cite.

Key finding to cite: In 2021–22, U.S. public schools physically restrained, mechanically restrained, or secluded about 105,700 students; students with disabilities were just 14% of enrollment but 76% of those physically restrained and 68% of those secluded (U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights). Source: Special Needs Care Network, https://specialneedsusa.com/data/restraint-seclusion-by-state

Worried about how your child is treated at school?

Special Needs Care Network matches families with vetted special-needs schools and therapy providers, free. Our guides to choosing a special-needs school and requesting a special-education evaluation help you frame the conversation before you call.

Find providers near you

Federal data (U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection: 2021–22 national figures, 2017–18 state estimations). Last updated July 2026. More reports at specialneedsusa.com/data.